Email this article THE KURDISH ISSUE IN IRAQ AND THE BRITISH POLICY 1943-1945
Abstract
This article deals with the Kurds of Iraq and their question during the Second World War. This present study focuses mainly on the Barzani revolt in Iraqi Kurdistan, there are several reasons for choosing this period of the Kurdish issue in Iraq and the revolts in the Barzan areas in particular. There was a close interaction between events in Barzan and other parts of Iraqi Kurdistan during the period under this study. The Barzani Kurds of Iraq and their leader Mullah Mustafa Barzani in particular played a distinct role in political developments in Iraqi Kurdistan, after Mullah Mustafa’s expulsion from the south of Iraq in 1943. The Barzanis political activities, under the leadership of Mullah Mustafa Barzani were the pivotal point of socio-political improvements in the Kurdistan of Iraq during the war year. The main objective of this article is examining the British and the Iraqi government policy toward the Barzani revolt from 1943 to1945. This article outlines the history and genesis of the implications of the Barzani revolt for the central government in Baghdad and British authority. This study presented a significant amount of certainly not published details about these parties. It provides a brief history about the Kurdish disagreement with the Iraqi government. Particular attention is given to link between Iraq, the British authority, and the Kurdish leader Mullah Mustafa Barzani.
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A politician who believes in using military forces.
Masud Barzani.1999. Barzani and the Kurdish libration movement 1932-1945, Duhok, Kurdistan, p133; Osman Ali. 2003. Studies of the Modern Kurdish nationalist 1883-1946 documentary history studies, Erbil, Kurdistan, p150.
Ako A. showani.2008. The city of Sulaimani historical and political studies 1932-1945, Kurdology center, Sulaimani, Kurdistan, p67; Wadie Jwaideh: 2013. The Kurdish nationalist movement: its origin and development, translated by: group of translators, first edition, Aras publisher, Erbil, Kurdistan, p545.
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Chalili chalili and others.2012. The modern liberation Kurdish movement, translate from Russian to Arabic by: Dr. Abdi Hachi, Duhok, Kurdistan, p235; OU-216691,1948
Sheikh Mahmud of Barzinji was one of the most well-known Iraqi Kurdish religious leader during the monarchy of Iraq period.
Kawis Qaftan.2003. The Barzanis uprising, Erbil, Kurdistan, p29.
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Borhanedin A. Yassin.1995, Ibid,p131.
Aziz Hassan Barzani.2006. The Kurdish nationalist liberation movement in the Kurdistan of Iraq 1939-1945, Biuret, Lebanon, p127. Borhanedin A. Yassin.1995, Ibid,p131
Borhanedin A. Yassin.1995, Ibid,p131; Aziz Hassan Barzani.2006,Ibid,p128.
Kawis Qaftan.2003.Ibid, p30.
Chalili chalili and others.2012. The modern liberation Kurdish movement, translate from Russian to Arabic by: Dr. Abdi Hachi, Duhok, Kurdistan, p235; OU-216691,1948
Hilla is one city in the Sothern of Iraqi state. Author
Masud Barzani.1999. Barzani and the Kurdish libration movement 1932-1945, Duhok, Kurdistan, p133; Osman Ali. 2003. Studies of the Modern Kurdish nationalist 1883-1946 documentary history studies, Erbil, Kurdistan, p150
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Kristen M. Sornisn.2008.pid, p17; Sadiq Osman Muho.2010. The role of the foreign factor in declining the Kurdish uprisings, the British role in declining the first and second revolts of Barzan 1931-1945,intellectual foundation, Erbil, Kurdistan, p144.
Abdul Hussein Shaaban: 2000, p3; Gareth Stans field.2006. The Kurdish question in Iraq 1914-1974, Middle East series, London,p3.
Kirkuk: one of the main areas of dispute is over the city of Kirkuk. Kirkuk is the name of a governorate in Northern Iraq. Kirkuk province inhabitants are mainly, Arabs, Turkmens, Kurds, and Assyrians. The first and foremost Kirkuk is a part of the Iraqi Kurdistan region originally from the past decades. See Shak Bernard Hanish.Decomber2013. The current Kurdish Iraqi government relations: an evaluation, Journal of International Relations and Foreign Policy, VOL 1, NO (2), American research institute for policy development, U.S, p2. (so long)
Erbil or Hewlêr as known in Kurdish language is one of the most ancient cities in the Middle East region which is located in the Middle of Kurdistan region and it is a capital city of the Kurdistan regional government nowadays.
Dohuk is the third governorates in the Kurdistan region which is situated in the Northeast of Kurdistan region. Author
Akre, Zakho, Amediya, and Sheikhan are semi-governors likewise are belonging to the Dohuk governor officially in the North of the Kurdistan region. Author
Khanaqin is one of the Kurdish semi-governors in Iraq which is situated the near the Iraqi and Iran borders. Author
Diyala city is located to the northeast Baghdad in Iraq. Author
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C.J.Edmonds.1971. Kurdish nationalism, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol.6 No (1), Sage Publisher: U.S, P9. ; C. J. Edmonds: 2008, p35; C. J. Edmonds: 2008, p38.
Kawis Qaftan.2003, Ibid, p33 ; OU-216691.1948. Britain and the Arab states a survey of Anglo-Arab Relations 1920-1948, the U.K.
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Maruf Chawik.2008, Ibid, p65;C. J. Edmonds. 2008,Ibid, p37.
C.J.Edmonds.1971, Ibid, P10; C. J. Edmonds: 2008, p35;Mamakhan sherwani. 1995. Barzan and the origin of Barzanian’s inhabitants, Stockholm, p42; Ahmed Muhammad Amen Qadir.2007,p127. The Iraqi parliament attitude to the Kurdish question in Iraq 1925-1945, first edition, Jin foundation, Suleimani,p 157
Majid Mustafa. He connected the Kurdish nationalist movement and then he was being a well-known Kurdish politician. He took several government offices such as governors of several Iraqi cities. He held the portfolio minister in the eights government of Nuri Sa΄id from 1943 to 1944 during the Barzan revolt, he then retired from his career as minister but he took several governmental offices after leaving his minister’s office. However he died in 1973. See Mir Basri: 2009. The Kurdish well-known, translated to Kurdish by: Abdulkhaliq Aladiyin, Sulaimani, Kurdistan, 133;Ahmed Hamad Amen Omar.2007. The Kurdish membership in Iraqi parliament during the monarchy period1921-1958, Erbil, 37. (long)
Mergasor is one semi-governor in Sothern of the Kurdistan of Iraq.
Aziz Hassan Barzani.2006,Ibid,p130; C. J. Edmonds: 2008, p36.
Kawis Qaftan:2003; p28;Marfu Chawik: 2008,p129.
OU-216691,1948,Ibid; Aziz Hassan Barzani.2006,Ibid,p129.
Fradun Nuri.2007. Barzani Movements, Erbil, Kurdistan,p135;Chalili chalil and others: 2012,p133.
Nuri Sa’id :( 1888-1958). One of the founders of the modern Iraqi state, a dominated political figure, He played an active role in the campaign that brought Feisal to power as a king of Iraq. Sa’id became minister of defense in 1922 and served until 1930. In 1930 he was promoted to major general and became prime minister. He resigned in 1932, the year Iraq gained independence. As soon as the terms of the Anglo-Iraq treaty were revealed, a public outrage ensued, which put partial blame on Nuri, leading to his resignation. However, he became prime minister for 15 times within several posts until his death on 15 July 1958. See Walid Muhammad Sa’id Al-Aziemi.1988. Nuri Sa’id and dispute with Jamal Abdul-Al-Nasir, Baghdad, 117;Hozan Suleiman Dusky. September2010. Nuri Sa’id and his roles in Iraqi petrol political, Vo4,No (196), Duhok,92; Edmund A. Ghareeb.2004. A historical dictionary of Iraq, the United States of America ,p203.
David McDwall.2004. A modern history of the Kurds, New York , the united states of America, p291; Ahmed Muhammad Amen Qadir: 2007, 157;Habib Tomi.2012, document two, p232.
Sir Kinhan Cornwallis (1883-1959). In 1906 he worked in Sudan and Egypt further he participated in his country’s campaign against the Ottoman Empire in Syria and Palestine. In 1916 he became colonel and the head of the well-to-do Arabic library. In 1919 he got to know king Feisal 1 of Iraq. Therefore he came to Iraq with him in 1921; in there he was an adviser in the interior minister of Iraq for fifteenth years. Then he gave in his notes 1935. But King Gazi requested from him to do his job, hence when the Second World War occurred he return on his occupation. He was became the British ambassador in Iraq from 1941 to 1945. On 3 of July 1959 he died in London. See Dr. Kamal Mazhar Ahmed. 2009. The Kurds and Kurdistan in the British secret documents, prepared by: Abdullah Zangana and Shahla Tahir Hadari, first part. Lebanon, p179; D.K. Field Hos.2010. Kurds, Arabs and British, translated by: Emad Jamil Mzuri, first edition, Speriz foundation, Duhok, Kurdistan, p347. (long)
David McDwall:2004,Ibid,p230;D.K. Field Hos:2010,347 ;Hashim Sherwani.2008
Billê is one district in the Barzan province.
Kawis Qaftan: 2003,Ibid,p34 ; Mamkhan Sherwani: 1995,p134; Ahmed Muhammad Amen Qadir: 2007, Ibid,p158
Wadie Jwaideh: 2013, p554 ; Robert Olson, November2007,Ibid,p677;
Masud Barzani: 1998;Ibid, 136; Maruf Chawik: 2008,p136.
Edward Kinch was one of the British political advisers in Iraq. See D.K. Field Hos. 2010,Ibid,p348.
Chalili chalil and others: 2012;D.K. Field Hos. 2010, p348
Rewandoz is one of the Kurdistan region semi-governorates which situated in the governorate of Erbil.
D.K. Field Hos. 2010, p348;Maruf Chawik: 2008,Ibid,p139
Aziz Hassan Barzani:2006;Ibid,p132;Chalili Chalil and others :2012,Ibid,p125.
Borhanedin A. Yassin.1995, Ibid,p146;D.K. Field Hos. 2010, p349.
Arashad Al-Umari(1888-?). Prime minister and cabinet official during the monarchy, He was a member of the senate in 1946 and was elected mayor of Baghdad. In the bright early 1940s he held numerous cabinet posts and twice served as prime minister (1946-1954). He held the portfolios of defense (1944, 1946 and 1948), foreign affairs (1944-1946), supply (1944), interior (1946), and construction (1954). As the minister of foreign affairs, he served as Iraq’s delegate to the San Francisco conference in 1945. He was removed as minister when he refused to sign the United Nations charter of his personal disagreements with some of the phraseology. See Edmund.A Ghreeb: 2004.(long)
Wehid Omar Mhyidin.2006. The Kurdish libration movement and the government of Iraq discussion 1921-1968 political studies, Sulaimani, Kurdistan ,p554; Hashim Sherwani.2008, Ibid,39.
David McDwall:2004;356;Wadie Jwaideh: 2013, Ibid,p555
Osman Ali. 2003. Studies of the Modern Kurdish nationalist 1883-1946 documentary history studies, Erbil, Kurdistan, p p275.
Borhanedin A. Yassin.1995.Ibid,p149.
Chalili chalil and others.2012,Ibid, p138.
F037135013, December 1943,Ibid.
Stefanie Katharine Wichhart: 2007 .intervention British, Egypt and Iraq during World War two, the University of Texas at Austin,p148; Sadiq Osman Muho: 2010,Ibid,p 192
Stefanie. K. Wichhar. 5 December 2011. A new deal for the Kurds: British ’s Kurdish policy in Iraq 1941-1945, the Journal of imperial and commonwealth history, VO1 39, No 5, New York.p130.
Mamkhan Sherwani.1995;Ibid,p139; Borhanedin A, Yassin.1995,Ibid,148.
Kristen M. Sornisn.2008, Ibid,p 17;Maruf Chawik.2008; Sadiq Osman Muho: 2010, Ibid,p193
David McDowall. 2004; Ibid,p335;Stefanie Katharine Wichhart. 2011
Kristen M. Sornisn.2008, Ibid,pp16
Mamkhan Sherwani: 1995,Ibid,p140; F037135013. 14 December 1943. From Baghdad to foreign office, No. 1197.
Chalili chalil and others.2012,Ibid, p138; Kawis Qaftan: 2003,Ibid,p35.
Maruf Chawik: 2008;Ayoub Barzani: 2005; Mamkhan Sherwani: 1995,Ibid,p141.
Kawis Qaftan: 2003,Ibid,p45;F037135013,16December 1943
Aziz Hassan Barzani.2006,Ibid, p168; OU-216691, 1948; Ahmed Muhammad Amen Qadir.2007, Ibid, p158
Kristen M. Sornisn.2008, Ibid,p819.
F037145340.20 March1945. English original of a letter sent in Arabic by .H.M. Ambassador to Mullah Mustafa ;Stefanie Katharine Wichhart.December2011, a new Deal for the Kurds: Britain’s Kurdish policy in Ira1, 1942-1945, Roteldge publisher, the UK, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Vo1. 34, No. 5, , ,p158
F037145340.20 March1945.Ibid; Sadiq Osman Muho. 2010, Ibid, p194.
Kristen M. Sornisn.2008, p17;Stefanie Katharine Wichhart. 2007, Ibid, p156.
F03713503, 14 December 1943 ;Chalili Chalil and others.2012,Ibid,p138 ; C.J.Edmonds.1971, Ibid,P10.
Stefanie Katharine Wichhart. 2007,Ibid,148;Masud Barzani.1999,Ibid,146.
Ernest Bevin (1881-1951). A British labor politician and a statesmen, he served as a general secretary of the powerful transport and general workers’ union from 1922 to 1940 plus minister of labor in the war time coalition government and his more crucial role came as a foreign secretary in the post-war labor government 1945-1951. Stefanie Katharine Wichhart: 2011.Ibid, p148.
Stefanie Katharine Wichhart.December2011, Ibid, p825; Stefanie Katharine Wichhart. 2007,Ibid,p152.
Stefanie Katharine Wichhart.December2011, Ibid, p825; Stefanie Katharine Wichhart. 2007,Ibid,p152
Aziz Hassan Barzani. 2006; Ibid,168;Sadiq Osman Muho.2010,Ibid, p194
, 13 September1945;Stefanie Katharine Wichhart: 2011; Wehid Omar Mhyidin.2006, Ibid, p356.
Stefanie Katharine Wichhart.December2011, Ibid, p819.
Stefanie Katharine Wichhart.December2011, Ibid, 826.
Stefanie Katharine Wichhart. 2007, Ibid, p152.
Masud Barzani.1999, Ibid, p152; Stefanie Katharine Wichhart. 2007,Ibid,p156.
David McDwall.2004, Ibid, 350.
Mamkhan Sherwani.1995, Ibid,150; Sadiq Osman Muho. 2010, Ibid,p195
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